Charles Thomson Rees Wilson The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927

biography

Wilson was born in Glencorse, Scotland, on February 14, 1869. However, his family moved to Manchester in 1873 when his father died. Wilson entered Owens College in Manchester at the age of fifteen and graduated with a bachelor of science degree in biology three years later. He then enrolled at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and earned his doctorate in physics in 1892.

An important event in Wilson's life occurred in 1894. He spent a few weeks at the observatory on top of Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Great Britain. Wilson was fascinated by the process of cloud formation that he observed every day at the observatory. He decided to find ways of imitating the process in the laboratory.

Wilson's method was to allow moist air within a glass container to expand quickly. As the air expanded, it became cooler and tiny droplets of moisture condensed as artificial clouds. Wilson observed that the amount of condensation was greatly reduced if all dust was removed from the container.

Yet, some condensation occurred even in a completely dust-free environment. Wilson concluded that ions within the container served as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets. He tested this idea in the late 1890s by exposing the container to X-rays and nuclear radiation. He found that the amount of condensation greatly increased in the presence of either type of radiation.

Thus was born the principle of the cloud chamber. By 1911, Wilson had refined the concept. Particles applied to the cloud chamber formed ions that served as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets. Magnetic fields surrounding the cloud chamber caused charged particles to travel in curved paths. The shape of such paths reflect the mass and charge of particles that pass through the container. Using this device, nuclear physicists could identify a host of otherwise invisible subatomic particles by their "vapor trails." J. J. Thomson called the cloud chamber a device of "inestimable value to the progress of science." For his invention, Wilson was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in physics. Wilson made a second important discovery. He observed that an electroscope completely shielded from surrounding electrical fields still loses its charge slowly. He predicted that this loss of charge was due to some kind of radiation from "outside our atmosphere." This idea was the first hypothesis of the existence of cosmic radiation.

Deeply attached to his Scottish homeland, Wilson lived the last twenty-five years of his life there. He died in Carlops, Peeblesshire, on November 15, 1959.

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson was born on the 14th of February, 1869, in the parish of Glencorse, near Edinburgh. His father, John Wilson, was a farmer, and his ancestors had been farmers in the South of Scotland for generations. His mother was Annie Clerk Harper. м At the age of four he lost his father, and his mother moved with the family to Manchester, where he was at first educated at a private school, and later at Owen's College - now the University of Manchester. Here, intending to become a physician, Wilson took up mainly biology. Having been granted an entrance scholarship in 1888 he went on to Cambridge (Sidney Sussex College), where he took his degree in 1892. It was here that he became interested in the physical sciences, especially physics and chemistry. (It was also possible that Wilson's decision to abandon medicine was influenced by Balfour Stewart, who was professor of physics at Owen's College at that time - about a dozen years earlier, J. J. Thomson, who also went to Cambridge, had passed through the same College.)

When standing on the summit of Ben Nevis, the highest of the Scottish mountains, in the late summer of 1894, Wilson was struck by the beauty of coronas and "glories" (coloured rings surrounding shadows cast on mist and cloud), and he decided to imitate these natural phenomena in the laboratory (early 1895). His sharp observation and keen intellect, however, led him to suspect (after a few months' work at the Cavendish Laboratory) that the few drops reappearing again and again each time he expanded a volume of moist, dust-free air, might be the result of condensation on nuclei - possibly the ions causing the "residual" conductivity of the atmosphere-produced continuously. Wilson's hypothesis was supported after exposure (early 1896) of his primitive cloud chamber to the newly discovered (end of 1895) X-rays. The immense increase of the "rain-like" condensation fitted excellently with the observation made by Thomson and McClelland immediately after R?ntgen's discovery, that air was made conductive by the passage of X-rays. When, during the summer of that year, it was firmly established by Thomson and Rutherford that the conductivity was indeed due to ionization of the gas, there was no longer any doubt that ions in gases could be detected and, photographically, recorded and thus studied at leisure. Wilson's appointment as Clerk Maxwell Student, at the end of that year, enabled him to devote all his time for the next three years to research, and for a year subsequent to this he was employed by the Meteorological Council in research on atmospheric electricity. The greater part of his work on the behaviour of ions as condensation nuclei was thus carried out in the years 1895-1900, whilst after this his other occupations - mainly tutorial - prevented him from dealing sufficiently with the development of the cloud chamber. Early in 1911, however, he was the first person to see and photograph the tracks of individual alpha- and beta-particles and electrons. (The latter were described by him as "little wisps and threads of clouds".) The event aroused great interest as the paths of the alpha-particles were just as W. H. Bragg had drawn them in a publication some years earlier. But it was not until 1923 that the cloud chamber was brought to perfection and led to his two, beautifully illustrated, classic papers on the tracks of electrons. Wilson's technique was promptly followed with startling success in all parts of the world - in Cambridge, by Blackett (who in 1948 received the Nobel Prize on account of his further development of the cloud chamber and his discoveries made therewith) and Kapitsa; in Paris, by Ir?ne Curie and Auger; in Berlin, by Bothe, Meitner, and Philipp; in Leningrad, by Skobelzyn; in Tokio, by Kikuchi.

Some of the most important achievements using the Wilson chamber were: the demonstration of the existence of Compton recoil electrons, thus establishing beyond any doubt the reality of the Compton effect (Compton shared the Nobel Prize with Wilson in 1927); the discovery of the positron by Anderson (who was awarded the Nobel Prize for 1936 for this feat); the visual demonstration of the processes of "pair creation" and "annihilation" of electrons and positrons by Blackett and Occhialini; and that of the transmutation of atomic nuclei carried out by Cockcroft and Walton. Thus, Rutherford's remark that the cloud chamber was "the most original and wonderful instrument in scientific history" has been fully justified.

In 1900, Wilson was made Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, and University Lecturer and Demonstrator. From then until 1918 he was in charge of the advanced teaching of practical physics at the Cavendish Laboratory, and also gave lectures on light. As well as his experimental work at the Cavendish Laboratory, he also made observations (1900-1901) on atmospheric electricity (mainly in the surroundings of Peebles in Scotland). In 1913, he was appointed Observer in Meteorological Physics at the Solar Physics Observatory, and most of his research both on the tracks of ionizing particles and on thunderstorm electricity was carried out there. In 1918, he was appointed Reader in Electrical Meteorology, and in 1925, Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1900, and this Society also honoured him with the Hughes Medal (1911), a Royal Medal (1922), and the Copley Medal (1935). The Cambridge Philosophical Society awarded him the Hopkins Prize (1920), and the Royal Society of Edinburgh the Gunning Prize (1921), while the Franklin Institute presented him the Howard Potts Medal (1925).

After his retirement Wilson moved to Edinburgh, and later, at the age of 80, to the village of Carlops, close to his birthplace at the farmhouse of Crosshouse, at Glencorse. Life after this, however, was not an empty one: C.T.R. as his friends and colleagues called him, maintained social contacts, making a weekly journey by bus to the city to lunch with them. Scientifically, too, he was active to the end, finishing his long-promised manuscript on the theory of thundercloud electricity (Proc. Roy. Soc. London, August (1956)).

Among the few who enjoyed his personal guidance may be mentioned: Wormell (in the general field of atmospheric electricity), C. F. Powell (Nobel Prize winner 1950, for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and the discoveries made therewith on mesons), P. I. Dee and J. G. Wilson.

In 1908, Professor Wilson married Jessie Fraser, daughter of Rev. G. H. Dick of Glasgow; there were two sons and two daughters. He died on the 15th of November, 1959, in the midst of his family

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